Copyright: Periodic Table  (c) Tim Webber 1993
Citation: Taken from Periodic Table  (c) Tim Webber 1993


contents

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Background

Index By Number


Background
Nobel Gases

Non-Metals

Metals

The halogens

The Chalcogens

Transition metals

Alkali Metals

The Metaloids

The Actinides   } The Rare

The Lanthanides } Earth Metals

Transuranium elements

Si Units

Hydrogen Bonding

Electronic configurations

References


alkali metals
Alkali Metals.

The alkali metals are the elements CAESIUM, FRANCIUM, LITHIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, and SODIUM. These are the elements that form group I of the periodic table. The alkali metals react violently with water to form strong bases, called alkalies. The alkali metals are monovalent, the outer electron shell consisting of a single electron. This electron is easily shed to form a stable cation that has the electron configuration of an inert gas. The alkali metals readily donate electrons to Halogen atoms to form stable salts. The reactivity of the alkali metals increases with atomic weight, or increasing atom radius, because the outer electron is held less strongly. Recent research has shown that atoms of alkali metals can also gain an electron to form highly reactive anions.

Because of their high reactivity, alkali metals are never found in nature as free elements; instead they occur in compounds such as silicates or chlorides. The alkali metals have low density, low melting point, and high ductility.


cation
A Cation is a positively charged ion


actinide
Actinides

The actinides are half of the Rare Earth Metals, the others are in the lanthanides


lanthanide
Lanthanide series.

The Lanthanide series is the group of chemical elements that follow Lanthanum the periodic table. They are also sometimes called the rare earth metals (because they were originally isolated as oxides, or "earths," and were originally discovered in rare minerals).  In comparison with other elements, they are not really rare, except for Promethium (61), which has only radioactive isotopes with short half-lives. Lanthanum itself was so named because it is difficult to isolate (the Greek word lanthanein means "to lurk unseen"). The Lanthanides are found together in nature and are very difficult to separate from each other because they are chemically similar.

In their elemental form, the lanthanides are silvery metals with high melting points. They tarnish slowly in air, except for samarium, europium, and ytterbium, which are much more reactive toward oxygen or moisture.

The lanthanides are half of the Rare Earth Metals, the others are in the Actinide seris


Noble Gas

Nobel gas refers to any element of the group of six elements in group 8 of the periodic table.  They are Argon, Helium, Krypton, Neon, Radon, and Xenon.  Unlike most elements, the noble gases are monatomic.   The atoms have stable configurations of electrons, therefore under normal conditions they do not form compounds with other elements.

They were called inert gases until around 1962 when Xenon tetrafluoride, XeF4, was produced in the laboratory. This was the first report of a stable compound  of a noble gas with another single element. Since then other compounds of noble gasses have been produced, including some compounds of Carbon.

Related Topics

Non-Metal Elements

Halogen Elements


Transition Metals

The Transition metals are generally hard, strong metals with high melting and boiling points;  they are also usually electropositive. That is, they react by tending to lose, rather than gain, electrons.  Certain unique properties of the transition elements are related to their d subshell electrons. These properties include variable oxidation states, formation of brightly coloured compounds, tendency to form many complexes, and ferromagnetism and paramagnetism.


nonmetals
Non-Metal Elements

Nonmetals are basically defined as elements that are not metals. Normally excluding the halogens and the noble gasses since these have a "group" of there own.

Their chemical properties are generally:

They usually have four to eight valence electrons.

They have high electron affinities. (Except the noble gases)

They are good oxidizing agents. (Except the noble gases)

They have hydroxides which are acidic. (Except the noble gases)

They are electronegative.

Their physical properties generally include:

They are all insulators (except Carbon (graphite).

They are brittle, not ductile in their solid state.

They show no metallic lustre.

They may be transparent or translucent.

They have low density.

They form molecules which consists of atoms covalently bonded; the noble gases are monatomic.


halogens
The Halogens

The halogens are the elements in group VII of the periodic table. They are Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine.

The name Halogen comes from the Greek Hals(salt) and gen(producing). This is  because the halogens readily react with metals to form salts.

Generally the halogens are the most reactive group of non-metals.

They are strong oxidising agents.

The halogens are so reactive that they cannot exist free in nature, indeed, Fluorine is reactive enough to combine with almost all of the known elements, including some of the noble gasses.


mol
The mol is a unit of numbering, along the lines of a million or a thousand.

As there are 1000 things in a thousand of any thing, there are 6E23 things in a mol of anything.


IUPAC
the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry


metalloids
Metalloids.

Metalloids have low electrical conductivities which increase with temperature, the opposite to metals. They have some of the properties of  metals and some of the nonmetals. Most have a metallic appearance.

Also called Semi-metals or Semi-conductors.


About Periodic Table

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Metals

The most obvious characteristics of metals are an ability to conduct electricity, an excellent conductivity of heat, and a high level of reflected light from a polished surface, i.e. metallic. In addition, most metals deform , rather than shatter, on impact or under pressure. Metals that can be hammered or beaten into sheets are called malleable; those that can be drawn into wire are called ductile. Certain properties, such as hardness and mechanical strength, are not shared by all metals; some metals are actually soft enough to be scratched by a fingernail or deformed by hand, some are liquids at room temperature.

Metals characteristically combine with nonmetals to form ionic compounds in which  the metal ion is always positive and the nonmetal ion is always negative.

Their electrical resistance increases as their temperature increases.


index by number
Index of elements by Atomic Number

1 Hydrogen

2 Helium

3 Lithium

4 Berylium

5 Boron

6 Carbon(Graphite)

6 Carbon(Diamond)

7 Nitrogen

8 Oxygen

9 Fluorine

10 Neon

11 Sodium

12 Magnesium

13 Aluminum

14 Silicon

15 Phosphorus(red)

15 Phosphorus(white)

15 Phosphorus(black)

16 Sulphur(Rhombic)

16 Sulphur(Monoclinic)

17 Chlorine

18 Argon

19 Potassium

20 Calcium

21 Scandium

22 Titanium

23 Vanadium

24 Chromium

25 Manganese

26 Iron

27 Cobalt

28 Nickel

29 Copper

30 Zinc

31 Gallium

32 Germanium

33 Arsenic(grey)

34 Selenium

35 Bromine

36 Krypton

37 Rubidium

38 Strontium

39 Yttrium

40 Zirconium

41 Niobium

42 Molybdenum

43 Technetium

44 Ruthenium

45 Rhodium

46 Palladium

47 Silver

48 Cadmium

49 Indium

50 Tin(white)

50 Tin(grey)

51 Antimony

52 Tellurium

53 Iodine

54 Xenon

55 Caesium

56 Barium

57 Lanthanum

58 Cerium

59 Praseodymium

60 Neodymium

61 Promethium

62 Samarium

63 Europium

64 Gadolinium

65 Terbium

66 Dysprosium

67 Holmium

68 Erbium

69 Thulium

70 Ytterbium

71 Lutetium

72 Hafnium

73 Tantalum

74 Tungsten

75 Rhenium

76 Osmium

77 Iridium

78 Platinum

79 Gold

80 Mercury

81 Thallium

82 Lead

83 Bismuth

84 Polonium

85 Astatine

86 Radon

87 Francium

88 Radium

89 Actinium

90 Thorium

91 Protactinium

92 Uranium

93 Neptunium

94 Plutonium

95 Americium

96 Curium

97 Berkelium

98 Californium

99 Einsteinium

100 Fermium

101 Mendelevium

102 Nobelium

103 Lawrencium

104 Unnilquadium

105 Unnilpentium

106 Unnilhexium

107 Unnilseptium

108 Element 108

109 Unnilennium


Hydrogen
Hydrogen (H)

Atomic Number(Z)	1

Atomic Weight(A)	1 g/mol

Mp	14 k

Bp	20 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.037 nm

Electronic configuration

1s1

Alkali Metal

Density	0.07 g/cm3 @ 20 k

See also Deuterium

Tritium


Deuterium
Deuterium (D)

Atomic Number(Z)	1

Atomic Weight(A)	2 g/mol

Deuterium is an isotope of Hydrogen.

Occurring naturally at a rate of 0.1%

of the number of Hydrogen atoms.

It consists of a nucleus of 1 Proton and

1 Neutron surrounded by 1 electron.

See also Hydrogen

Tritium


Tritium
Tritium (T)

Atomic number	1

Atomic Weight	2 g/mol

Tritium is an isotope of Hydrogen.

It consists of nucleus of 1 Proton and 2 Neutrons, surrounded by 1 electron.

 B Tritium

See also Hydrogen

Deuterium


helium
Helium (He)

Atomic Number(Z)	2

Atomic Weight(A)	4 g/mol

Mp	1 k(26atm)

Bp	4 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.05nm

Electronic configuration

1s2

Noble gas

Density	0.15 g/cm3 @ 3 k


li
Lithium (Li)

Atomic Number(Z)	3

Atomic Weight(A)	6.9 g/mol

Mp	454 k

Bp	1615 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.157 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s1

Alkali Metal

Density	0.53 g/cm3


Berylium
Berylium (Be)

Atomic Number(Z)	4

Atomic Weight(A)	9 g/mol

Mp	1551 k

Bp	3243 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.125 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2

Metal

Density	1.85 g/cm3


Boron
Boron (B)

Atomic Number(Z)	5

Atomic Weight(A)	10.8 g/mol

Mp	2573 k

Bp	2823 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.09 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p1

metaloid

Density	2.34 g/cm3


Carbon (graphite)
Carbon (graphite) (C)

Atomic Number(Z)	6

Atomic Weight(A)	12 g/mol

Mp	3925-70 k

Bp	5100 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.077nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p2

non-metal

Density	2.25# g/cm3

See also Carbon (Diamond).

note (#) density is variable.


carbon (diamond)
Carbon (Diamond) (C)

Atomic Number(Z)	6

Atomic Weight(A)	12 g/mol

Mp	3823 k

Bp	5100 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.077 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p2

non-metal

Density	3.51 g/cm3

See also Carbon (Graphite)


nitrogen
Nitrogen (N)

Atomic Number(Z)	7

Atomic Weight(A)	14 g/mol

Mp	63 k

Bp	77 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.075 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p3

non-metal

Density	0.81 g/cm3 @ 77 k


oxygen
Oxygen (O)

Atomic Number(Z)	8

Atomic Weight(A)	16 g/mol

Mp	55 k

Bp	90 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.073 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p4

non-metal

Density	1.15 g/cm3 @ 77 k


Fluorine
Fluorine (F)

Atomic Number(Z)	9

Atomic Weight(A)	19 g/mol

Mp	53 k

Bp	85 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.071 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p5

halogen

Density	1.51 g/cm3 @ 85 k


Neon
Neon (Ne)

Atomic Number(Z)	10

Atomic Weight(A)	20.2 g/mol

Mp	25 k

Bp	27 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.065 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6

noble gas

Density	1.2 g/cm3 @ 27 k


Sodium
Sodium (Na)

Atomic Number(Z)	11

Atomic Weight(A)	23 g/mol

Mp	371 k

Bp	1156 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.191 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

Alkali Metal

Density	0.97 g/cm3


Magnesium
Magnesium (Mg)

Atomic Number(Z)	12

Atomic Weight(A)	24.3 g/mol

Mp	922 k

Bp	1380 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.16 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

Metal

Density	1.74 g/cm3


Aluminium
Aluminium (Al)

Atomic Number(Z)	13

Atomic Weight(A)	27 g/mol

Mp	933 k

Bp	2740 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.13 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

Metal

Density	2.7 g/cm3


Silicon
Silicon (Si)

Atomic Number(Z)	14

Atomic Weight(A)	28.1 g/mol

Mp	1683 k

Bp	2628 k

Atomic Radius(r)	.0118 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2

Metaloid

Density	2.32 g/cm3


Phosphorus(red)
Phosphorus(red)(P)

Atomic Number(Z)	15

Atomic Weight(A)	31 g/mol

Mp

Bp

Atomic Radius(r)	0.11 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

Non-metal

Density	2.34 g/cm3

See also Phosphorus(White)

See also Phosphorus(Black)


Phosphorus(white)
Phosphorus(white)(P)

Atomic Number(Z)	15

Atomic Weight(A)	31 g/mol

Mp	317 k

Bp	553 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.11 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

Non-metal

Density	1.82 g/cm3

See also Phosphorus(red)

See also Phosphorus(Black)


Phosphorus(black)
Phosphorus(black)(P)

Atomic Number(Z)	15

Atomic Weight(A)	31 g/mol

Mp

Bp

Atomic Radius(r)	0.11 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

Non-metal

Density	2.7# g/cm3

See also Phosphorus(White)

See also Phosphorus(Red)

Note (#) Density is variable


Sulphur(Rhombic)
Sulphur (Rhombic) (S)

Atomic Number(Z)	16

Atomic Weight(A)	32.1 g/mol

Mp	386 k

Bp	-

Atomic Radius(r)	0.102 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

Non-metal

Density	2.07 g/cm3

See also Sulphur(monoclinic)


Sulphur(monoclinic)
Sulphur (monoclinic) (S)

Atomic Number(Z)	16

Atomic Weight(A)	32.1 g/mol

Mp	391 k

Bp	718 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.102 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

non-metal

Density	1.96 g/cm3

See also Sulphur(rhombic)


Chlorine
Chlorine (Cl)

Atomic Number(Z)	17

Atomic Weight(A)	35.5 g/mol

Mp	172 k

Bp	238 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.099 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Halogen

Density	1.56 g/cm3 @ 238 k


Argon
Argon (Ar)

Atomic Number(Z)	18

Atomic Weight(A)	39.9 g/mol

Mp	84 k

Bp	87 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.095 nm

Electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Nobel gas

Density	1.4 g/cm3 @ 87 k


Potassium
Potassium (K)

Atomic Number(Z)	19

Atomic Weight(A)	39.1 g/mol

Mp	336 k

Bp	1033 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.235 nm

Alkali metal

Density	0.86 g/cm3


Calcium
Calcium (Ca)

Atomic Number(Z)	20

Atomic Weight(A)	40.1 g/mol

Mp	1112 k

Bp	1757 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.174 nm

Metal

Density	1.54 g/cm3


Scandium
Scandium (Sc)

Atomic Number(Z)	21

Atomic Weight(A)	45 g/mol

Mp	1814 k

Bp	3104 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.144 nm

Transition Metal

Density	2.99 g/cm3


Titanium
Titanium (Ti)

Atomic Number(Z)	22

Atomic Weight(A)	47.9 g/mol

Mp	1933 k

Bp	3560 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.132 nm

Transition Metal

Density	4.5 g/cm3


Vanadium
Vanadium (V)

Atomic Number(Z)	23

Atomic Weight(A)	50.9 g/mol

Mp	2163 k

Bp	3653 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.122 nm

Transition Metal

Density	5.96 g/cm3


Chromium
Chromium (Cr)

Atomic Number(Z)	24

Atomic Weight(A)	52 g/mol

Mp	2130 k

Bp	2943 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.117 nm

Transition Metal

Density	7.2g/cm3


Manganese
Manganese (Mn)

Atomic Number(Z)	25

Atomic Weight(A)	54.9 g/mol

Mp	1517 k

Bp	2235 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.139 nm

Transition Metal

Density	7.2 g/cm3


Iron
Iron (Fe)

Atomic Number(Z)	26

Atomic Weight(A)	55.9g/mol

Mp	1808 k

Bp	3023 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.125 nm

Transition Metal

Density	7.86 g/cm3


Cobalt
Cobalt (Co)

Atomic Number(Z)	27

Atomic Weight(A)	58.9 g/mol

Mp	1768 k

Bp	3143 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.126 nm

Transition Metal

Density	8.9 g/cm3


Nickel
Nickel (Ni)

Atomic Number(Z)	28

Atomic Weight(A)	58.7 g/mol

Mp	1728 k

Bp	3003 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.121 nm

Transition Metal

Density	8.9 g/cm3


Copper
Copper (Cu)

Atomic Number(Z)	29

Atomic Weight(A)	63.5 g/mol

Mp	1356 k

Bp	2840 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.117 nm

Transition Metal

Density	8.92 g/cm3


Zinc
Zinc (Zn)

Atomic Number(Z)	30

Atomic Weight(A)	65.4 g/mol

Mp	693 k

Bp	1180 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.12 nm

Metal

Density	7.14 g/cm3


Gallium
Gallium (Ga)

Atomic Number(Z)	31

Atomic Weight(A)	69.7 g/mol

Mp	303 k

Bp	2676 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.12 nm

Metal

Density	5.9 g/cm3


Germanium
Germanium (Ge)

Atomic Number(Z)	32

Atomic Weight(A)	72.6 g/mol

Mp	1210 k

Bp	3103 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.12 nm

Metaloid

Density	5.35g/cm3


Arsenic
Arsenic (As)

Atomic Number(Z)	33

Atomic Weight(A)	74.9 g/mol

Mp	1090k(28atm)

Bp	886k(sub)

Atomic Radius(r)	0.122 nm

Metaloid

Density	5.73 g/cm3


Selenium
Selenium (Se)

Atomic Number(Z)	34

Atomic Weight(A)	79 g/mol

Mp	490 k

Bp	958 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.117 nm

Non-Metal

Density	4.81 g/cm3


Bromine
Bromine (Br)

Atomic Number(Z)	35

Atomic Weight(A)	79.9 g/mol

Mp	266 k

Bp	332 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.114 nm

Halogen

Density	3.12 g/cm3 @ 293 k


Krypton
Krypton (Kr)

Atomic Number(Z)	36

Atomic Weight(A)	83.8 g/mol

Mp	116 k

Bp	121 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.11 nm

Noble Gas

Density	2.15 g/cm3 @ 121 k


Rubidium
Rubidium (Rb)

Atomic Number(Z)	37

Atomic Weight(A)	85.5 g/mol

Mp	312 k

Bp	959 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.216 nm

Alkali Metal

Density	1.53 g/cm3


Strontium
Strontium (Sr)

Atomic Number(Z)	38

Atomic Weight(A)	87.6 g/mol

Mp	1042 k

Bp	1657 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.191 nm

Metal

Density	2.6 g/cm3


Yttrium
Yttrium (Y)

Atomic Number(Z)	39

Atomic Weight(A)	88.9 g/mol

Mp	1795 k

Bp	3611 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.162 nm

Tansition metal

Density	4.47 g/cm3


Zirconium
Zirconium (Zr)

Atomic Number(Z)	40

Atomic Weight(A)	91.2 g/mol

Mp	2125 k

Bp	4650 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.145 nm

Tansition metal

Density	6.49g/cm3


Niobium
Niobium (Nb)

Atomic Number(Z)	41

Atomic Weight(A)	92.9 g/mol

Mp	2740 k ~

Bp	5015 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.134 nm

Tansition metal

Density	8.57 g/cm3

~ uncertain


Molybdenum
Molybdenum (Mo)

Atomic Number(Z)	42

Atomic Weight(A)	95.9 g/mol

Mp	2883 k

Bp	5833 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.129 nm

Tansition metal

Density	10.2 g/cm3


Technetium
Technetium (Tc)

Atomic Number(Z)	43

Atomic Weight(A)	99.0 g/mol

Mp	2445 k

Bp	5150 k

Tansition metal

Density	11.50 g/cm3 ~

~ Density was calculated


Ruthenium
Ruthenium (Ru)

Atomic Number(Z)	44

Atomic Weight(A)	101.1g/mol

Mp	2583 k

Bp	4173 k

Atomic Radius(r)	nm

Tansition metal

Density	12.30 g/cm3


Rhodium
Rhodium (Rh)

Atomic Number(Z)	45

Atomic Weight(A)	102.9 g/mol

Mp	2239 k

Bp	4000 k ~

Atomic Radius(r)	0.125 nm

Tansition metal

Density	12.4 g/cm3

~ Highly uncertain


Palladium
Palladium (Pd)

Atomic Number(Z)	46

Atomic Weight(A)	106.4 g/mol

Mp	1827 k

Bp	3243 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.128 nm

Tansition metal

Density	12.02g/cm3


Silver
Silver (Ag)

Atomic Number(Z)	47

Atomic Weight(A)	107.9 g/mol

Mp	1235 k

Bp	2485k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.134 nm

Tansition metal

Density	10.5 g/cm3


Cadmium
Cadmium (Cd)

Atomic Number(Z)	48

Atomic Weight(A)	112.4 g/mol

Mp	594 k

Bp	1038 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.141 nm

Metal

Density	8.64 g/cm3


Indium
Indium (In)

Atomic Number(Z)	49

Atomic Weight(A)	114.8 g/mol

Mp	429 k

Bp	2353 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.15 nm

Metal

Density	7.30 g/cm3


Tin (White)
Tin (White) (Sn)

Atomic Number(Z)	50

Atomic Weight(A)	118.7g/mol

Mp	505 k

Bp	2533 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.14 nm

Metal

Density	7.28 g/cm3

See also Tin (Grey)


Tin (Grey)
Tin (Grey) (Sn)

Atomic Number(Z)	50

Atomic Weight(A)	118.7g/mol

Mp	505 k

Bp	2543 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.14 nm

Metal

Density	5.75 g/cm3

See also Tin (White)


Antimony
Antimony (Sb)

Atomic Number(Z)	51

Atomic Weight(A)	121.8 g/mol

Mp	904 k

Bp	2023 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.143 nm

Metal

Density	6.68 g/cm3


Tellurium
Tellurium (Te)

Atomic Number(Z)	52

Atomic Weight(A)	127.6 g/mol

Mp	723 k

Bp	1263 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.135 nm

Metaloid

Density	6.00 g/cm3


Iodine
Iodine (I)

Atomic Number(Z)	53

Atomic Weight(A)	126.9 g/mol

Mp	387 k

Bp	457 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.133 nm

Halogen

Density	4.93 g/cm3


Xenon
Xenon (Xe)

Atomic Number(Z)	54

Atomic Weight(A)	131.3g/mol

Mp	161 k

Bp	166 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.130 nm

Noble Gas

Density	3.52 g/cm3 @ 164 k


carbon (diamond)
Diamonds may be a Girls best friend, But this version of table is unregistered Shareware.

Register it. See !!!!!! in Serach for more details

See also Carbon (Graphite)


Technetium
Technetium (Tc)

What a Silly name for an element!!!.

Oh BTW this version of Table is unregistered Shareware.

Register it. See !!!!!! in Serach for more details


Palladium
Palladium (Pd)

Another Elemenet with a silly name !!!

If you would like to register this product, you will get a copy without these litle bits of nagging!!

See About Table in search for more details


References
References.

Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants

G Kaye and T Laby

Revised Nuffield Advance Science Book of Data

The Extraordinary Chemistry of Ordinary Things

C Snyder

The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.

CRC Press

Chemistry in Action

M Freeman

The New Grollier Electronic Encyclopeadia

McGraw Hill Science and Thecnical Reference Set

The Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on Compact Disc


Chalcogens
Chalcogens.

Elements in Group VI are sometimes known as Chalogens. The Group consists of Oxygen and  Sulphur (Nonmetals) Selenium and Tellurium (Semiconductors) and Polonium (Radioactive metal). The name of the group is derived from two Greek words meaning Copper and Born. This is because most Copper compounds consist of Copper and one of these elements. Elements with strong affinities for members of this group are called Chalophiles.


hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds occur between atoms of Hydrogen and Nitrogen , Oxygen and Fluorine. The atoms of N, O and F must be in a position where they have at least one non-bonded pair of electrons free. Due to the small sizes of the H atoms and the atom to which it bonds, the two can get fairly  close to each other, so that the attractive forces between them approaches 1/10th of a typical  covalent bond. Typical Hydrogen bond strengths are in the region of 25kJ/mol compared to around 400kJ/mol for covalent bonds.

Some compounds are affected by Hydrogen bonding to such a great extent, that the expected  physical properties of the compound do not occur. Take water for instance.  Water should boil at a far lower temperature than it actually does. The presence of Hydrogen  bonds increases the attractive forces between molecules so much , that the boiling and melting  points are raised significantly. This is due to the fact that water has Two hydrogen atoms and  two non bonded pairs of electrons on the Oxygen atom. Thus each molecule can form an average two H-bonds. Hydrogen bonds also account for the high surface tension of water. The molecules on the surface do not have molecules above them to bond to so they bond to those on the surface forming a skin.


Electronic configurations
The following table shows the ground state electronic configurations of the first 18 elements,  Hydrogen to Argon

1 H   1s1

2 He  1s2

3 Li  1s2 2s1

4 Be  1s2 2s2

5 B   1s2 2s2 2p1

6 C   1s2 2s2 2p2

7 N   1s2 2s2 2p3

8 O   1s2 2s2 2p4

9 F   1s2 2s2 2p5

10 Ne  1s2 2s2 2p6

11 Na  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

12 Mg  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

13 Al  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

14 Si  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2

15 P   1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

16 S   1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

17 Cl  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

18 Ar  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6


heavy metals
Super Heavy elements.

SuperHeavy elements are those elements with atomic numbers of greater than 103.  Confusion is widespread about their names since 103, 104 and 105 have had their  discoveries claimed by one group in the USA and another in Russia. Each  group suggested a different name for each element.

The confusion about the names still carries on over ten years since their  discovery. In this table I have used what I believe to be the official  IUPAC names for these elements. The groups own names are also  included.

As far as I know element 108 has not been named yet.  Interestingly enough, the IUPAC names for 103-107 & 109 are the only names  in the table to be abbreviated to three letters.

Atomic Number 	Name 	Symbol

104 	Unnilquadium	Unq

105	 	Unnilpentium	Unp

106 	Unnilhexium	Unh

107 	Unnilseptium	Uns

108 	Element 108	---

109 	Unnilennium	Une

At the moment no element with atomic number greater than 109 has been claimed, however a group of elements, with atomic numbers around 114, are  expected to possess half-lives of the order of a year or longer. Although they have not been discovered experimentally,  it is generally believed that the difficulty lies in making these elements, rather than their stability.

The underlying physics responsible for the limited extent of the periodic table is the competition between attractive "nuclear forces" among the protons  and neutrons, and the repulsive electrostatic forces among all the positively charged protons. The limit of the periodic table is then set by the process of nuclear fission, which takes place when the disruptive effect of electrostatic forces overcomes the cohesive effect of the nuclear forces.

The picture began to change when, in 1964, a clearer understanding was reached of the relation between fission half-lives and a well-known property of the nucleus called the magic numbers. If the number of protons (or neutrons) in a nucleus is equal to the proton magic number (or neutron magic number), then such a nucleus displays some special features; one example is that it is spherical in shape. Such a nucleus also displays an extra stability against fission. This means that this nucleus would have a longer half-life than would be expected otherwise. A group of stable elements are expected to occur around the proton magic number 114 and the neutron magic number 184.

References on Super Heavy Elements and their names.

"Tables of physical and chemical constants" by G Kaye and T Laby, fifteenth  edition, page 180.

"The Extraordinary Chemistry of Ordinary Things" by C.H.Snyder


Transuranium Elements
Transuranium Elements.

Transuranium elements are those elements that follow Uranium in the periodic table. All of these elements are man-made, and all are radioactive due to  the fact that their large atoms are unstable. It has been predicted,however, that elements of numbers around 114 should be fairly stable. Elements with Atomic number 93-103 are in the actinide series.  Elements with atomic numbers greater than 103 are called the  SuperHeavy elements.

A claim for the discovery of a Transuranium element requires a valid nuclear reaction and a means of chemical identification.

Since the radioactive half lives of the larger elements are so small,  ingenious methods of separation and identification need to be developed. Because of the small amounts of element made, and the short half lives, some identifications are made with only a few atoms.

Mendelevium for example was identified by isolating just five atoms  in an ion exchange column and assuming properties to close known elements.


Caesium
Caesium (Cs)

Atomic Number(Z)	55

Atomic Weight(A)	132.9 g/mol

Mp	302 k

Bp	942 k

Alkali metal

Atomic Radius(r)	0.235 nm

Density	1.88 g/cm3


Barium
Barium (Ba)

Atomic Number(Z)	56

Atomic Weight(A)	137.3 g/mol

Mp	998 k

Bp	1913 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.198 nm

metal

Density	3.51 g/cm3


Lanthanum
Lanthanum (La)

Atomic Number(Z)	57

Atomic Weight(A)	138.8 g/mol

Mp	1194 k

Bp	3730 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.169 nm

Transition Metal

Density	6.14 g/cm3


Cerium
Cerium (Ce)

Atomic Number(Z)	58

Atomic Weight(A)	140.1 g/mol

Mp	1073 k

Bp	3273 k

Lanthanide

Density	g/cm3


Praseodymium
Praseodymium (Pr)

Atomic Number(Z)	59

Atomic Weight(A)	140.9 g/mol

Mp	1208 k

Bp	3273 k

Lanthanide

Density	g/cm3


Neodymium
Neodymium (Nd)

Atomic Number(Z)	 60

Atomic Weight(A)	 144.2 g/mol

Mp	 1297 k

Bp	 3373 k

Lanthanide

Density	g/cm3


Promethium
Promrthium (Pm)

Atomic Number(Z)	 61

Atomic Weight(A)	 145 g/mol

Mp	 1441 k

Bp	 3573 k

Lanthanide

Density	g/cm3


Samarium
Samarium (Sm)

Atomic Number(Z)	 62

Atomic Weight(A)	 150.4 g/mol

Mp	 1323 k

Bp	 1873 k

Lanthanide

Density	g/cm3


Europium
Europium (Eu)

Atomic Number(Z)	 63

Atomic Weight(A)	 152 g/mol

Mp	 1103 k

Bp	 1703 k

Lanthanide

Density	g/cm3


Gadolinium
Gadolinium (Gd)

Atomic Number(Z)	 64

Atomic Weight(A)	 157.2 g/mol

Mp	 1603 k

Bp	 3173 k

Lanthanide

Density	g/cm3


Terbium
Terbium (Tb)

Atomic Number(Z)	 65

Atomic Weight(A)	 157.9 g/mol

Mp	 1633 k

Bp	 2773 k

Lanthanide

Density	g/cm3


Dysprosium
Dysprosium (Dy)

Atomic Number(Z)	 66

Atomic Weight(A)	 162.5 g/mol

Mp	 1683 k

Bp	 2873 k

Lanthanide

Density	g/cm3


Holmium
Holmium (Ho)

Atomic Number(Z)	 67

Atomic Weight(A)	 164.9 g/mol

Mp	 1743 k

Bp	 2573 k

Lanthanide

Density	g/cm3


Erbium
Erbium (Er)

Atomic Number(Z)	 68

Atomic Weight(A)	 167.3 g/mol

Mp	 1793 k

Bp	 2873 k

Lanthanide

Density	g/cm3


Thulium
Thulium (Tm)

Atomic Number(Z)	 69

Atomic Weight(A)	 168.9 g/mol

Mp	 1823 k

Bp	 2173 k

Lanthanide

Density	g/cm3


Ytterbium
Ytterbium (Yb)

Atomic Number(Z)	 70

Atomic Weight(A)	 173.0 g/mol

Mp	 1097 k

Bp	 1773 k

Lanthanide

Density	g/cm3


Lutetium
Lutetium (Lu)

Atomic Number(Z)	 71

Atomic Weight(A)	 175 g/mol

Mp	 1973 k

Bp	 3673 k

Lanthanide

Density	g/cm3


Hafnium
Hafnium (Hf)

Atomic Number(Z)	72

Atomic Weight(A)	178.5 g/mol

Mp	2500 k ~

Bp	3730 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.144 nm

Transition Metal

Density	13.31 g/cm3

~ Uncertain


Tantalum
Tantalum (Ta)

Atomic Number(Z)	73

Atomic Weight(A)	180.9 g/mol

Mp	3269 k

Bp	5700 k ~

Atomic Radius(r)	0.134 nm

Transition Metal

Density	16.6 g/cm3

~ Highly uncertain


Tungsten
Tungsten (W)

Atomic Number(Z)	74

Atomic Weight(A)	183.9g/mol

Mp	3683 k~

Bp	5933 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.13 nm

Transition Metal

Density	19.35 g/cm3

~ Uncertain


Rhenium
Rhenium (Re)

Atomic Number(Z)	75

Atomic Weight(A)	186.2 g/mol

Mp	3453 k

Bp	5900 k ~

Atomic Radius(r)	0.128 nm

Transition Metal

Density	20.53 g/cm3

~ Highly uncertain


Osmium
Osmium (Os)

Atomic Number(Z)	76

Atomic Weight(A)	190.2 g/mol

Mp	2973 k

Bp	> 5570 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.126 nm

Transition Metal

Density	22.48 g/cm3


Iridium
Iridium (Ir)

Atomic Number(Z)	77

Atomic Weight(A)	192.2 g/mol

Mp	1683 k

Bp	4403 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.126 nm

Transition Metal

Density	22.42 g/cm3


Platinum
Platinum (Pt)

Atomic Number(Z)	78

Atomic Weight(A)	195.1 g/mol

Mp	2045 k

Bp	4100 k ~

Atomic Radius(r)	0.129 nm

Transition Metal

Density	21.45 g/cm3

~ Highly uncertain


Gold
Gold (Au)

Atomic Number(Z)	79

Atomic Weight(A)	197.0 g/mol

Mp	1337 k

Bp	3353 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.134 nm

Transition Metal

Density	18.88 g/cm3


Mercury
Mercury (Hg)

Atomic Number(Z)	80

Atomic Weight(A)	200.6 g/mol

Mp	234 k

Bp	630 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.144 nm

Metal

Density	13.59 g/cm3


Thallium
Thallium (Tl)

Atomic Number(Z)	81

Atomic Weight(A)	204.4 g/mol

Mp	577 k

Bp	1730 k ~

Atomic Radius(r)	0.155 nm

Metal

Density	11.85g/cm3

~ Uncertain


Lead
Lead (Pb)

Atomic Number(Z)	82

Atomic Weight(A)	207.2 g/mol

Mp	601 k

Bp	2013 k

Atomic Radius(r)	0.154 nm

Metal

Density	11.34g/cm3


Bismuth
Bismuth (Bi)

Atomic Number(Z)	83

Atomic Weight(A)	209.0 g/mol

Mp	544 k

Bp	1833 k ~

Atomic Radius(r)	0.152 nm

Metal

Density	9.8 g/cm3

~ Uncertain


Polonium
Polonium (Po)

Atomic Number(Z)	84

Atomic Weight(A)	210 g/mol

Mp	527 k

Bp	1235 k

Metal

Density	9.4 g/cm3


Astatine
Astatine (At)

Atomic Number(Z)	85

Atomic Weight(A)	210 g/mol

Mp	575 k ~

Bp	610 k ~

Halogen

Density	-- g/cm3

~ Highly uncertain


Radon
Radon (Rn)

Atomic Number(Z)	86

Atomic Weight(A)	222 g/mol

Mp	202 k ~

Bp	211 k ~

Atomic Radius(r)	0.145 nm

Noble gas

Density	4.4 g/cm3 @ 211 k ~

~ Uncertain


Francium
Francium (Fr)

Atomic Number(Z)	87

Atomic Weight(A)	233 g/mol

Mp	300 k ~

Bp	950 k ~

Alkali metal

Density	-- g/cm3

~ highly uncertain


Radium
Radium (Ra)

Atomic Number(Z)	88

Atomic Weight(A)	226 g/mol

Mp	973 k

Bp	1410 k

Metal

Density	5 g/cm3 ~

~ Highly uncertain.


Actinium
Actinium (Ac)

Atomic Number(Z)	90

Atomic Weight(A)	232 g/mol

Mp	2023 k

Bp	5060 k

Transition metal

Density	11.7 g/cm3

~ Uncertain


Thorium
Thorium (Th)

Atomic Number(Z)	90

Atomic Weight(A)	232 g/mol

Mp	2023 k

Bp	5060 k ~

Actinide

Density	11.7 g/cm3

~ Uncertain


Protactinium
Protactinium (Pa)

Atomic Number(Z)	91

Atomic Weight(A)	231.1 g/mol

Mp	1870 k

Bp	4300 k ~

Actinide

Density	15.37 g/cm3

~ Uncertain


Uranium
Uranium (U)

Atomic Number(Z)	92

Atomic Weight(A)	238 g/mol

Mp	1405 k

Bp	4091 k

Actinide

Density	19.05 g/cm3


Neptunium
Neptunium (Np)

Atomic Number(Z)	93

Atomic Weight(A)	237 g/mol

Mp	913 k

Bp	4173 k

Actinide

Density	g/cm3


Plutonium
Plutonium (Pu)

Atomic Number(Z)	94

Atomic Weight(A)	242 g/mol

Mp	914 k

Bp	3505 k

Actinide

Density	19.84 g/cm3

~ Uncertain


Americium
Americium (Am)

Atomic Number(Z)	95

Atomic Weight(A)	243 g/mol

Mp	1263 k

Bp	2873 k

Actinide

Density	g/cm3


Curium
Curium (Cm)

Atomic Number(Z)	96

Atomic Weight(A)	247 g/mol

Actinide

Density	g/cm3


Berkelium
Berkelium (Be)

Atomic Number(Z)	97

Atomic Weight(A)	247 g/mol

Mp	1259 k

Actinide

Density	g/cm3


Californium
Californium (Cf)

Atomic Number(Z)	98

Atomic Weight(A)	251 g/mol

Actinide

Density	g/cm3


Einsteinium

Atomic Number(Z)	99

Atomic Weight(A)	252 g/mol

Actinide

Density	g/cm3


Fermium
Fermium (Fm)

Atomic Number(Z)	100

Atomic Weight(A)	257 g/mol

Actinide

Density	g/cm3


Mendelevium
Mendelevium (Md)

Atomic Number(Z)	101

Atomic Weight(A)	258 g/mol

Actinide

Density	g/cm3


Nobelium
Nobelium (No)

Atomic Number(Z)	102

Atomic Weight(A)	259 g/mol

Actinide

Density	g/cm3


Lawrencium
Lawrencium (Lr)

Atomic Number(Z)	103

Atomic Weight(A)	260 g/mol

Actinide

Density	g/cm3


Unnilquadium
Unnilquadium (Unq)

Unnilquadium is the first chemical element beyond the Actinides. This element is radioactive and has chemical properties similar to those of Zirconium and Hafnium. It does not occur in nature but has been produced synthetically in the laboratory. In 1964, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, in the USSR, claimed to have created isotope-260 of element 104, with a half-life of 0.3 seconds. They suggested the element be named Kurchatovium (Ku), In 1969 the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, in California, failed in an attempt to repeat  the Dubna group's results. Instead they created two other isotopes of element 104. The Americans disputed the Soviet claim to discovery and proposed to name the element 104 Rutherfordium (Rf). In 1971 the Dubna group experimented further and declared that their earlier experiment had produced isotopes 260 and 259 of element 104.

The IUPAC ruled in 1980 that the name of element 104 be Unnilquadium, un being Latin for "one," nil for "zero," and quad for "four."

Super Heavy Elements


Unnilpentium
Unnilpentium (Unp)

Unnilpentium is a radioactive synthetic element. In 1968, scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, near Moscow, reported the creation of an isotope of element 105. In 1970 they announced that they had created mass number 261 of element 105, with a half-life of about 2 seconds.  The Soviets proposed the name Nielsbohrium. A team at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, in California, disputed the Soviet claim. In 1970 the American group produced an isotope of element 105 with the mass number 260.  The Americans proposed that the element be named Hahnium(Ha).

In 1980 the IUPAC officially named element 105 Unnilpentium, which is Latin for "one-zero-five."

Super Heavy Elements


Unnilhexium
Unnilhexium (Unh)

Unnilhexium is a synthetic radioactive element that was created almost simultaneously by separate groups of scientists in 1974. It is expected to have chemical properties similar to those of Tungsten. The Soviet group at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, in Dubna, produced isotopes having mass numbers 259 and 260, with half-lives of 4-10 milliseconds. The American group at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, in California, produced isotope 263, with a half-life of 0.9 seconds.  Neither the Soviet nor the American group had proposed a name for this element. In 1980, the IUPAC named it Unnilhexium, which is Latin for "one-zero-six."

Super Heavy Elements


Unnilseptium
Unnilseptium (Uns)

Unnilseptium is a synthetic radioactive element. Its creation in 1976 was reported in 1977 by Soviet physicist Georgi N. Flerov at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, near Moscow. Flerov claimed to have produced extremely short-lived nuclei of the element ; the resulting nuclei of element 107 decayed by spontaneous fission in about two milliseconds. Predictions of the chemistry of element 107, with a mass of 261, indicate that it would behave as do other heavy elements in group VIIB of the periodic table.

The IUPAC have named this element Unnilseptium, which is Latin for "one-zero-seven."

Super Heavy Elements


element 108
Element 108 is a synthetic radioactive chemical element. The synthesis of a nucleus containing 108 protons and 157 neutrons was reported in 1984 by a team of West German researchers. It was formed by the bombardment of lead-208 atoms with iron-58 atoms. The brief existence of the new element was confirmed when it decayed in milliseconds to yield expected products, although the lifetime was longer than predicted.

Super Heavy Elements

At the time of writing I have no information on the IUPAC name for this element. I suspect it will be "Unniloctium


Unnilennium
Unnilennium (Une)

Unnilenium is a synthetic radioactive chemical element. Nuclei of the element were identified in 1982 by West German physicists Gottfried Munzenberg, Peter Armbruster, and co-workers at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionen Forschung at Darmstadt, following bombardment of bismuth 209 by iron 58 ions in their Unilac accelerator. The nuclei of the new element existed for only 0.005 seconds.

Super Heavy Elements


SI units
The SI bases are defined as follows

The Metre is the length of the path followed by light in a vacuum  during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a second.

The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international  prototype of the Kilogram.

The Second is the duration of  9 192 631 770  periods of the radiation corresponding to  the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the Caesium-133 atom.

The Ampere is the constant current which, if maintained in two parallel, infintely long  conducturs of negligable cross section, and placed 1m apart in a vacuum, would produce a force,  between those conductors of 2E-7 N.

The Mole is the amount of substance of a system which contais as many elemental entities  as there are atoms in 0.012 Kg of Carbon-12

Notation in this document.

To display some numbers , I have used "scientific notation".

This means that you may see numbers written in the form 1E2 or 2.9E-3.

The notatin works like this.

The E is short for 10 to the power of... So if I write 1E2, I mean 1 times 10 to the power of 2, or 1x10(Sqaured)=1x100=100.

Thus 2.3E-2 = 2.3x0.01 = 0.023

and  3.4E3  = 3.4x1000 = 3400